A mechanical computer is built from mechanical components such as levers and gears, rather than electronic components. The most common examples are adding machines and mechanical counters, which use the turning of gears to increment output displays. More complex examples could carry out multiplication and division—Friden used a moving head which paused at each column—and even differential analysis. One model^[which?] sold in the 1960s calculated square roots.

Mechanical computers can be either analog, using smooth mechanisms such as curved plates or slide rules for computations; or digital, which use gears.

Mechanical computers reached their zenith during World War II, when they formed the basis of complex bombsights including the Norden, as well as the similar devices for ship computations such as the US Torpedo Data Computer or British Admiralty Fire Control Table. Noteworthy are mechanical flight instruments for early spacecraft, which provided their computed output not in the form of digits, but through the displacements of indicator surfaces. From Yuri Gagarin's first manned spaceflight until 2002, every manned Soviet and Russian spacecraft Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz was equipped with a Globus instrument showing the apparent movement of the Earth under the spacecraft through the displacement of a miniature terrestrial globe, plus latitude and longitude indicators.

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Mechanical computers continued to be used into the 1960s, but were quickly replaced by electronic calculators, which—with cathode-ray tube output—emerged in the mid-1960s. The evolution culminated in the 1970s with the introduction of inexpensive handheld electronic calculators. The use of mechanical computers declined in the 1970s and was rare by the 1980s.

In 2016, NASA announced that its Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments program would use a mechanical computer to operate in the harsh environmental conditions found on Venus.^[1]

Examples[edit]

If you are looking for a performance-based marketing and automated approach for your business. You are in the right place then. We are not just a Digital Marketing or an IT company. Computer Hardware in Hindi - क्या आपको पता है के हार्डवेयर क्या है और ये कितने प्रकार के होते है? कोई भी software बिना hardware के नहीं चल सकता।. Computer hardware, coding system, etc. Form a part of this. Electrician: Installation, maintenance and repairs of electrical systems and equipments are covered in this course. Due to the ever-existing need for electricity, it is a highly rewarding career option, and hence is chosen by many. This isn't the only old video out there that's proven to be as instructive as any new-fangled YouTubery ever could be. You may recall this lovely 1937 lesson on the operation of a car differential.

• Antikythera mechanism, c. 100 BC – A mechanical astronomical clock.
• Cosmic Engine, 1092 – Su Song's hydro-mechanicalastronomicalclock tower invented during the Song dynasty, which featured the use of an early escapement mechanism applied to clockwork.^[2][3][4][5]
• Castle clock, 1206 – Al-Jazari's castle clock, a hydropowered mechanical astronomical clock, was the earliest programmable analog computer.^[6][7][8]
• Pascaline, 1642 – Blaise Pascal's arithmetic machine primarily intended as an adding machine which could add and subtract two numbers directly, as well as multiply and divide by repetition.
• Stepped Reckoner, 1672 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's mechanical calculator that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide.
• Difference Engine, 1822 – Charles Babbage's mechanical device to calculate polynomials.
• Analytical Engine, 1837 – A later Charles Babbage device that could be said to encapsulate most of the elements of modern computers.
• Ball-and-disk integrator, 1886 – William Thomson used it in his Harmonic Analyser to measure tide heights by calculating coefficients of a Fourier series.
• Percy Ludgate's 1909 Analytical Machine – The 2nd of only two mechanical Analytical Engines ever designed.
• Marchant Calculator, 1918 – Most advanced of the mechanical calculators. The key design was by Carl Friden.
• István Juhász Gamma-Juhász^{[9][10][11][12]} (early 1930s)
• Kerrison Predictor ('late 1930s'?)
• Z1, 1938 (ready in 1941) – Konrad Zuse's mechanical calculator (although part imprecisions hindered its function)^[13]
• Mark I Fire Control Computer, deployed by the United States Navy during World War II (1939 to 1945) and up to 1969 or later.
• Curta calculator, 1948
• Moniac, 1949 – An analog computer used to model or simulate the UK economy.
• Voskhod Spacecraft 'Globus' IMP navigation instrument, early 1960s
• Digi-Comp I, 1963 – An educational 3-bit digital computer
• Digi-Comp II, mid 1960s – A rolling ball digital computer
• Automaton – Mechanical devices that, in some cases, can store data and perform calculations, and perform other complicated tasks.
• Turing Tumble, 2017– An educational Turing-complete computer partially inspired by the Digi-Comp II

Electro-mechanical computers[edit]

Early electrically powered computers constructed from switches and relay logic rather than vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) or transistors (from which later electronic computers were constructed) are classified as electro-mechanical computers. These varied greatly in design and capabilities, with some later units capable of floating point arithmetic. Some relay-based computers remained in service after the development of vacuum-tube computers, where their slower speed was compensated for by good reliability. Some models were built as duplicate processors to detect errors, or could detect errors and retry the instruction. A few models were sold commercially with multiple units produced, but many designs were experimental one-off productions.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Hall, Loura (2016-04-01). 'Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments (AREE)'. NASA. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
2. ^Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 445.
3. ^Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 448.
4. ^Bodde, 140.
5. ^Fry, 10.
6. ^'Machines of the East'. Ancient Discoveries. Season 3. Episode 10. History Channel. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
7. ^Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction, p. 184, University of Texas Press, ISBN0-292-78149-0
8. ^Donald Routledge Hill, 'Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East', Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 64–9 (cf.Donald Routledge Hill, Mechanical EngineeringArchived 2007-12-25 at the Wayback Machine)
9. ^https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01526814/document
10. ^Weibel, Peter (17 May 2005). Beyond Art: A Third Culture: A Comparative Study in Cultures, Art and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary. ISBN9783211245620.
11. ^https://live.warthunder.com/post/457384/en/
12. ^Gander, Terry (30 April 2013). The Bofors Gun. ISBN9781783462025.
13. ^'Z3 from FOLDOC'. foldoc.org. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
14. ^Lavington, Simon Hugh (1980). Early British Computers: The Story of Vintage Computers and the People who Built Them. Manchester University Press. p. 62. ISBN9780719008108.
15. ^'Fujitsu Facom 100'. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
16. ^'FACOM 128A and 128B Relay Computers'. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
17. ^'Profile for Tony Brooker at the University of Essex'. www.essex.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
18. ^'From the Arithmometer to Electronic Arithmetic – 1998'. Imperial College Video Archive Blog. Cited video fragment. 2016-05-06. From 38:15 to 38:32. Retrieved 2018-05-14.CS1 maint: others (link)
19. ^'Relay Digital Computer, Imperial College, Univ. of London'. Digital Computer Newsletter. 3 (1): 4. April 1951.
20. ^Bowden, B. V. (ed.). '11. The Imperial College Computing Engine'. Faster Than Thought. pp. 161–164 (103–105).
21. ^Boslaugh, David L. (2003). When Computers Went to Sea: The Digitization of the United States Navy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 95–96. ISBN9780471472209.
22. ^'The ONR Relay Computer'. Digital Computer Newsletter. 4 (2): 2. April 1952.
23. ^A survey of automatic digital computers. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. 1953. p. 75.
24. ^Wolf, J. Jay (1952). 'The Office of Naval Research Relay Computer'. Mathematics of Computation. 6 (40): 207–212. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1952-0050393-0. ISSN0025-5718.
25. ^Augustine, Dolores L. (2007). Red Prometheus: Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945–1990. MIT Press. p. 134. ISBN9780262012362.
26. ^'Relay Computer RVM-1'. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
27. ^ ^abcdeBelzer, Jack; Holzman, Albert G.; Kent, Allen (1976-03-01). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 3 – Ballistics Calculations to Box-Jenkins Approach to Time Series Analysis and Forecasting. CRC Press. pp. 197–200. ISBN9780824722531.
28. ^Teuscher, Christof (2004). Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 46. ISBN9783540200208.
29. ^Hodges, Andrew (2014-11-10). Alan Turing: The Enigma: The Book That Inspired the Film 'The Imitation Game'. Princeton University Press. pp. 175–177. ISBN9781400865123.
30. ^'Harry Porter's Relay Computer'. Retrieved 2017-07-26.

External links[edit]

• 1958 FACOM 128B Japanese Relay Computer, still working! on YouTube

Based on calls we’ve been receiving and online chat requests from mechanics and car dealerships, automotive diagnostics are where it’s at and Toughbooks are here to make it easier! According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration which tracks these things in the U.S., Americans received a record 53.2 million recall notices in 2016. The high recall trend started in 2015 when recalls jumped to the 50 million mark and stayed there. Add that to the NADA reporting 2016 sales of 17.5 million new vehicles, again in the United States, and we can see that you have job security for years to come and not a lot of time to research tools to help you get to work.

Why does that matter to us? Bob Johnson’s Computer Stuff doesn’t sell cars or trucks. We don’t recall them and we don’t repair them. We do Panasonic Toughbooks. That’s pretty much what we do. Day in, day out: we answer questions, we receive laptops and parts, we repair, we refurbish, we do Toughbook “how to” videos for our fans and we ship to our customers all over the world. We eat lunch too and sometimes cake, but that’s fodder for another blog post.

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It matters to Bob Johnson’s Computer Stuff because we’ve noticed a trend in these requests for information about refurbished rugged laptops for use in car diagnostics. Frankly, we’ve seen what’s under the hood of those cars, and all we know is that we can check the oil and fill the windshield wiper reservoir, but that’s about the extent of it. We’re downright impressed at the skills required to be a mechanic and the investment of time and money required to do it.

We know that you have a few more tools in your toolkit than there used to be in order access those mysterious things under the hood and elsewhere. Mechanics still need basic wrenches, ratchets and socket sets and you get your hands dirty because, well, you know, cars and grease are like a requirement. So, how does your diagnostic computer fit into your tool box?

Garages, mechanics, diagnosticians and automotive magicians plus your average laptop or tablet don’t usually mix well. Try swiping your iPad with a greasy finger. No? Don’t want to get it dirty? Knock your laptop off your tool box onto the concrete floor? No? It won’t survive? Afraid you’ll ruin it? We understand. We use the pretty stuff too. It just isn’t always practical.

You want a refurbished Toughbook. It suits your budget, does what you need, will keep you working and is less apt to suffer injury in your work environment. To make it easier on you and get you back to fixing our car problems, the results of our in-house research come down to two models.

Automotive diagnostics requires the features and capabilities of the fully rugged Toughbook CF-19 or semi-rugged Toughbook CF-53 models. Both include Wi-Fi capability, USB ports, Windows 7, memory expansion, hardware upgrades and a limited lifetime warranty with the option to enhance the coverage.

The CF-19 model is a powerful tool, has a bright display, a fast Intel Core i5 processor and has the versatility of tablet adaptability and touchscreen capability. A fully rugged model, it will handle everything you need it do in a garage environment, and then some. The CF-19 has a smaller keyboard and weighs in at slightly less than 5 lbs. Its compact size and fully-rugged build make it the perfect workhorse in every area of the garage and on the road.

If you’re looking for a laptop to perform double duty in the office as well as the garage, and if military grade ruggedness is less of a concern, we’ve also found that the CF-53 model works for our mechanical friends. Listed by Panasonic as a semi-rugged model, it also has the features needed to perform car diagnostic work. Utilizing a more traditional style laptop design, it will easily handle its place in your tool box. You may prefer the larger screen size, lighter weight and the size of the keyboard and it still has that great Intel Core i5 processor.

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Our technicians have taken apart and rebuilt every model we sell, so we know Toughbooks like you know cars. Rock on, automotive wizards! Thank you for being there when we need you. We’ll be here when you need us.